LULC Input Dataset

LulcInputDataset, LulcInputWindowedDataset, and MBTilesLulcInputMaskWindowedDataset feed multi-source LULC classification rasters as extra input channels alongside the RGB image.

Each LULC raster is one-hot encoded and concatenated with the RGB bands, producing a (3 + N × C, H, W) tensor where N is the number of LULC sources and C is num_classes.

Motivation

LULC products (MapBiomas, Dynamic World, ESRI LULC) provide complementary land-cover signals at different resolutions and with different biases. Rather than picking one, this dataset lets the model learn which source to trust per-pixel by exposing all of them as extra input channels.

Output format

Key	Shape	dtype	Description
"image"	(3 + N*C, H, W)	float32	RGB (normalised) + one-hot LULC blocks
"mask"	(H, W)	int64	Hard integer class labels (training target)
"path"	scalar	str	Path of the source image file

The LULC blocks follow the lulc_keys order: channels [3, 3+C) for the first source, [3+C, 3+2C) for the second, and so on.

Pixels where the LULC value equals ignore_lulc_index (default 255) or falls outside [0, num_classes) produce all-zero one-hot vectors — no class signal, no gradient.

CSV format

Tile-based (LulcInputDataset)

Each row is one pre-cut tile:

image_path,mask_path,mapbiomas_path,esri_path,dw_path
/data/tiles/img_001.tif,/data/tiles/mask_001.tif,/data/mb/001.tif,/data/esri/001.tif,/data/dw/001.tif

Windowed (LulcInputWindowedDataset)

Each row is a patch specification over full-scene rasters:

image_path,mask_path,mapbiomas_path,esri_path,dw_path,row_off,col_off,patch_size
/data/scenes/img.tif,/data/scenes/mask.tif,...,0,0,256
/data/scenes/img.tif,/data/scenes/mask.tif,...,256,256,256

The same scene file can appear in multiple rows (one row per patch).

MBTiles + mask windows (MBTilesLulcInputMaskWindowedDataset)

Use this variant when RGB is stored in an MBTiles source and the mask GeoTIFFs define the training grid. The window CSV follows the same format accepted by MBTilesMaskWindowedDataset:

mask_path,row_off,col_off,patch_size
/data/masks/76.tif,4,4,256

LULC sources are passed as raster/VRT paths in the YAML, not as CSV columns.

Configuration

Tile-based

train_dataset:
  _target_: pytorch_segmentation_models_trainer.dataset_loader.lulc_input_dataset.LulcInputDataset
  input_csv_path: /data/splits/train.csv
  image_key: image_path
  mask_key: mask_path
  lulc_keys:
    - mapbiomas_path
    - esri_path
    - dw_path
  num_classes: 6
  ignore_lulc_index: 255
  augmentation_list:
    - _target_: albumentations.HorizontalFlip
      p: 0.5
    - _target_: albumentations.VerticalFlip
      p: 0.5
    - _target_: albumentations.RandomRotate90
      p: 0.5
    - _target_: albumentations.Normalize
      mean: [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]
      std: [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]
    - _target_: albumentations.pytorch.ToTensorV2
  data_loader:
    batch_size: 16
    num_workers: 8
    shuffle: true
    pin_memory: true

Windowed

train_dataset:
  _target_: pytorch_segmentation_models_trainer.dataset_loader.lulc_input_dataset.LulcInputWindowedDataset
  input_csv_path: /data/splits/train_windows.csv
  image_key: image_path
  mask_key: mask_path
  lulc_keys:
    - mapbiomas_path
    - esri_path
    - dw_path
  num_classes: 6
  row_off_key: row_off
  col_off_key: col_off
  patch_size_key: patch_size
  augmentation_list:
    - _target_: albumentations.HorizontalFlip
      p: 0.5
    - _target_: albumentations.Normalize
      mean: [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]
      std: [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]
    - _target_: albumentations.pytorch.ToTensorV2
  data_loader:
    batch_size: 8
    num_workers: 8
    shuffle: true
    pin_memory: true

MBTiles + LULC Windowed

train_dataset:
  _target_: pytorch_segmentation_models_trainer.dataset_loader.lulc_input_dataset.MBTilesLulcInputMaskWindowedDataset
  mbtiles_path: /data/tiles.mbtiles
  mask_dir: /data/masks
  window_index_cache: /data/coreset_windows.csv
  patch_size: 256
  selected_bands: [1, 2, 3]
  lulc_paths:
    - /data/mapbiomas_edgv_2_5m.vrt
    - /data/esri_edgv_2_5m.vrt
    - /data/dynamic_world_edgv_2_5m.vrt
  num_classes: 6
  ignore_lulc_index: 255
  lulc_resampling: nearest
  augmentation_list:
    - _target_: albumentations.HorizontalFlip
      p: 0.5
    - _target_: albumentations.Normalize
      mean: [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]
      std: [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]
    - _target_: albumentations.pytorch.ToTensorV2

Parameters

Shared (LulcInputDataset)

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
input_csv_path	str	None	Path to the CSV file
lulc_keys	list[str]	[]	CSV columns for LULC raster paths
num_classes	int	6	Number of LULC classes (same for all sources)
ignore_lulc_index	int	255	Value treated as "no valid class"
image_key	str	"image_path"	CSV column for RGB image paths
mask_key	str	"mask_path"	CSV column for training target mask
root_dir	str	None	Prepended to relative CSV paths
augmentation_list	list	[]	Albumentations transform list

Extra (LulcInputWindowedDataset)

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
row_off_key	str	"row_off"	CSV column for patch top-left row offset
col_off_key	str	"col_off"	CSV column for patch top-left col offset
patch_size_key	str	"patch_size"	CSV column for patch size (square)

Extra (MBTilesLulcInputMaskWindowedDataset)

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
mbtiles_path	str	required	RGB MBTiles or rasterio-readable source
lulc_paths	list[str]	required	LULC raster/VRT paths, one source per entry
window_index_cache	str	None	CSV/Parquet with mask_path,row_off,col_off,width,height or patch_size
lulc_resampling	str	"nearest"	Resampling for categorical LULC sources

Python API

from pytorch_segmentation_models_trainer.dataset_loader.lulc_input_dataset import (
    LulcInputDataset,
    LulcInputWindowedDataset,
)
import pandas as pd

# Tile-based
ds = LulcInputDataset(
    input_csv_path="/data/splits/train.csv",
    lulc_keys=["mapbiomas_path", "esri_path", "dw_path"],
    num_classes=6,
)
sample = ds[0]
print(sample["image"].shape)  # torch.Size([21, H, W]) — 3 + 3*6
print(sample["mask"].shape)   # torch.Size([H, W])

# Windowed — from a DataFrame
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame([
    {"image_path": "/data/scene.tif", "mask_path": "/data/mask.tif",
     "mapbiomas_path": "/data/mb.tif", "esri_path": "/data/esri.tif",
     "dw_path": "/data/dw.tif",
     "row_off": 0, "col_off": 0, "patch_size": 256},
])
ds_win = LulcInputWindowedDataset(df=df, lulc_keys=["mapbiomas_path", "esri_path", "dw_path"])

Adding a new LULC source

Add the raster path column to the CSV and append the column name to lulc_keys:

lulc_keys:
  - mapbiomas_path
  - esri_path
  - dw_path
  - new_source_path     # new source — no other changes required

Output channels increase by num_classes automatically.

Augmentation notes

• Geometric transforms (flip, rotate, …) are applied consistently to the RGB image, the training mask, and all LULC rasters via albumentations additional_targets.
• Normalize in the pipeline affects only the image target; the one-hot LULC channels remain in {0, 1} after augmentation.
• ToTensorV2 handles the image; LULC tensors are built from one-hot encoded numpy arrays after augmentation.